Microsleep – Symptoms, Causes, and Prevention
Nodding off during a meeting or while riding on public transit is a common experience. Though many of us think nothing of dozing for a few moments while reading a book or waiting at a doctor’s office, these types of incidents may indicate one of the most common and dangerous consequences of sleep deprivation: the microsleep.
What Is Microsleep?
A microsleep is a brief period of light sleep that happens suddenly and without intention. This form of sleep occurs when the brain shifts unexpectedly between the wake and sleep states, and parts of the brain shut down. (1) A microsleep typically results from lack of sleep, sleep disorders, or taking medications with sedating side effects.
A microsleep can last from a fraction of a second up to about fifteen seconds. These episodes are characterized by a momentary lack of response to external sensory stimuli, changes in brain wave activity, and behavioral symptoms such as head-nodding and closing of the eyelids.
Note: The content on Sleepopolis is meant to be informative in nature, but it shouldn’t be taken as medical advice, and shouldn’t take the place of medical advice and supervision from a trained professional. If you feel you may be suffering from any sleep disorder or medical condition, please see your healthcare provider immediately.
Symptoms of Microsleep
An occurrence of microsleep may be detected through visible behavioral indicators or by electroencephalography (EEG), (2) the diagnostic tool most frequently used in sleep research. An EEG measures brain cell activity through electrodes attached to the scalp. These electrodes are able to pick up tiny electrical signals and brain wave patterns that are distinct to sleep. (3)
The most common visible signs of microsleep include:
- Eyelid drooping
- Eyelid closure
- Head nodding
- Brief periods of snoring
- Hypnic muscle movements, such as those that may occur during the N1 stage of sleep (4)
- Wandering thoughts
Other signs of microsleep include loss of attention, a feeling of unusual sleepiness, and reduced muscle tone. A blank stare and eye-rolling are other common indicators. A person who experiences the feeling of “jerking awake” without intending to fall asleep may have just slipped in and out of microsleep.
On an EEG, microsleep is defined as the moment when theta wave activity momentarily replaces alpha wave activity as the background rhythm of the brain. An EEG taken during microsleep will display a quick, short-term shift from activity in the usual wakeful areas of the brain to those commonly associated with light sleep. (5)
Other types of tests reveal brain changes during microsleep, as well. Brain scans show reduced activity in the thalamus, which strongly influences sleep through its effect on circadian rhythm and the “sleep hormone” melatonin. (6) The visual cortex, which processes visual signals from the thalamus, and the posterior cingulate cortex, which helps control consciousness and wakefulness, showed reduced activity, as well. (7)
Some parts of the brain show increased wakefulness activity during a microsleep episode, including those associated with sensory processing and paying attention. This “leveling up” may be the brain’s attempt to counteract the effects of putting some essential functions temporarily to sleep.
The Causes of Microsleep
The most frequent cause of microsleep is sleep deprivation. (8). Insufficient sleep may be a result of a sleep disorder such as insomnia, sleep apnea, or narcolepsy, or due to environmental or lifestyle factors such as night shifts or long working hours. Certain medications may also induce the feeling of excessive daytime sleepiness or drowsiness, which can raise the risk of microsleep.
Boredom or monotonous, repetitive tasks may trigger microsleep even in a person who gets the recommended seven to nine hours of sleep each night. Microsleep is most likely to occur during times when the circadian rhythm dictates the body should be asleep, such as at dawn, late at night, or in the mid-afternoon. Studies show that vehicle accidents are most likely to happen between 1 and 4 am and 1 and 4 pm.
When Does Microsleep Occur?
Microsleep episodes tend to occur during the following types of activities:
- Driving, particularly when traveling long distances or at night
- Riding on trains, airplanes, or other public transportation
- Business meetings or other stationary work activities
- Watching children or caregiving for others
Prolonged sitting and warm ambient temperature may also increase the feeling of sleepiness, and raise the risk of a microsleep episode.
We know what makes us feel unusually sleepy, but how does sleepiness cause a microsleep episode? Sleep studies show that microsleep is intricately connected to a phenomenon called local sleep. (9)
Local sleep occurs when parts of an otherwise awake brain shut down and go to sleep, either briefly or for a longer period of time. While it is normal for the brain to rest areas that aren’t currently in use, sleep deprivation may cause a brief shut-down of essential brain functions, such as those needed for attention, processing stimuli from the environment, and decision-making. (10) Poor coordination may result when local sleep impacts areas of the brain essential to movement and muscle control.
Dopamine may play an essential role in some microsleep episodes, particularly in people with certain medical conditions or those using medications that affect dopamine receptors. (11) Dopamine impacts the pineal gland, which is important for the production of melatonin and helps control circadian rhythm. (12)
Diagnosing Microsleep
Microsleep might be suspected due to symptoms of extreme sleepiness, eye closing, and head-nodding, among others, though brief episodes of microsleep may pass unnoticed. A medical diagnosis of microsleep may require a sleep study to examine brain activity. This activity may be measured by EEG or polysomnography, which measures brain waves, heart rate, blood oxygen levels, and movements of the eyes and legs.
In addition to brain activity testing, reaction time and short-term memory may be examined, and a Multiple Sleep Latency Test may be conducted. The Multiple Sleep Latency Test measures sleep deprivation by tracking how likely one is to fall asleep in a variety of situations, and the speed with which this occurs. (13)
There are other tests which rely on more visible factors, such as blinks, frequency of yawns, and speed of speech. Without a sleep study, however, it may be difficult to diagnose the length and severity of microsleep episodes, particularly those that may be mistaken for a momentary lapse in concentration.
The Dangers of Microsleep
Because microsleep episodes are unintentional, they may happen at inconvenient or unexpected times. They become dangerous when they occur while driving, (14) working in environments where remaining alert is crucial to safety, or parenting small children who require continuous attention.
Microsleep may be the most common cause of falling asleep while driving, and is implicated in more than 16% of all vehicle accidents. Some studies show a significantly higher risk of car accidents in night-shift workers driving for a 2-hour period after work and before sleeping. (15)
Sleepiness can impact a number of cognitive functions that are essential to safe driving as well as many other activities. These include:
- Memory, both short and long-term
- Concentration
- Decision-making
- Attention
- Response time
A person experiencing a microsleep may be unaware that they’ve slept, believing themselves alert despite the loss of wakefulness. (16) This misperception can make microsleeps even more dangerous, particularly when experienced by those operating commercial or transit vehicles such as trains and buses.
Microsleeping and sleep deprivation have been implicated in such incidents as the Challenger Space Shuttle explosion, the Chernobyl nuclear disaster, and the Exxon Valdez oil spill.
Warning Signs of Microsleep
Though sudden and unexpected, microsleep episodes are often preceded by clear warning signs. If recognized, these signs may help to reduce the risk of falling asleep while driving, working, or responsible for the safety of others. In addition to the behavioral indicators listed above, the most common warning signs of a microsleep episode include:
- An unusual feeling of sleepiness
- Struggling to keep the eyes open
- Blinking excessively
- Yawning
- Difficulty focusing
- Excessive moodiness or irritability
- Increased desire for sugar, caffeine, or high-carbohydrate foods
Any of these symptoms may point to a higher than usual chance of a microsleep episode. These symptoms are particularly concerning when they occur while working or in transit. Experts recommend not driving or operating machinery at all while sleepy, even if taking breaks and attempting to remain awake. Driving while drowsy is as dangerous as drunk driving, and involves similar levels of cognitive and physical impairment. (17)
Microsleep and Other Conditions
In addition to simple sleep deprivation, microsleep episodes may be caused by a variety of sleep disorders. Sleep disorders that can raise the risk of microsleep include:
- Sleep apnea
- Insomnia disorder
- Restless legs syndrome
- Parasomnias that cause disturbed and low-quality sleep, such as sleepwalking and nightmare disorder
- Hypersomnia, either idiopathic or caused by a medication or medical disorder
- Circadian rhythm disorders
- Sleep deprivation
Sleep apnea is caused by a partially or totally blocked airway, and frequently leads to interrupted, poor quality sleep. The condition can be aggravated by obesity, alcohol use, advancing age, and smoking. Sleep apnea sufferers may awaken dozens of times each night, leading to excessive daytime sleepiness and a higher risk of microsleep episodes.
Insomnia is characterized by the inability to fall asleep, stay asleep, or fall back to sleep, or any combination of these symptoms. This type of sleep disorder may lead to fatigue, reduced attentiveness, cognitive dysfunction, and lapses into microsleep.
Microsleep and Medications
Drugs with sedating side effects are a common cause of daytime drowsiness and microsleep episodes. Excessive sleepiness and reduced concentration may be triggered by the following:
- Antihistamines
- Dopamine agonist medications
- Heart medications
- Certain antidepressants
- Epilepsy drugs
- Alcohol, particularly when used to excess
- Cannabis
- Benzodiazepines such as Valium
- Opioids
Sleepiness may gradually improve while taking a medication, though this side effect might persist even with longer-term use of a drug. Some drugs may have a long half-life, reducing cognitive function and alertness for an extended period of time.
Microsleep and Narcolepsy
Microsleep episodes may be caused by narcolepsy, a form of hypersomnia most commonly triggered by an autoimmune reaction. Narcolepsy causes the depletion of hypocretin, a neurotransmitter that plays an essential role in wakefulness. (18) Some narcolepsy patients have normal hypocretin levels, but may suffer from a kind of hypocretin resistance that renders the neurotransmitter ineffective.
In narcolepsy, the normally distinct sleep-wake systems become dysfunctional and may overlap, raising the risk of microsleep episodes, disturbed sleep, and parasomnias such as sleep paralysis. Narcolepsy sufferers frequently experience “sleep attacks,” sudden and uncontrollable lapses into sleep. These are more severe than microsleep episodes, which are briefer and may not even be noticed.
Because hypocretin has a stabilizing effect on wakefulness, the lack of this neurotransmitter appears to make sudden sleep attacks and microsleeps more likely. No amount of sleep may be enough to reduce the risk of sleep attacks and microsleeps in the narcolepsy sufferer.
Treatments For Microsleep
Treatment for microsleep depends on the trigger of the episodes, but frequently involves reducing or eliminating the causes of excessive daytime sleepiness and sleep deprivation. This may require treating underlying conditions or sleep disorders, making sufficient sleep a priority, or changing to a medication with fewer sedating side effects.
Medications that improve sleep quality may help sufferers of insomnia and hypersomnia, and reduce the risk of microsleep episodes. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia may also help those with chronic insomnia get sufficient sleep. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy consists of several modes of treatment, including sleep restriction, stimulus control training, cognitive restructuring to reduce negative associations with the sleep and the sleeping environment, and relaxation training.
Good sleep hygiene may help increase efficiency and quality of sleep, and thereby reduce the risk of microsleep. Sleep sufficiency may be enhanced by:
- Reducing or eliminating use of electronics in the hours before bedtime to reduce stimulating blue light exposure
- Avoiding heavy meals, alcohol, and caffeine in the evening
- Keeping the sleep environment dark, quiet, and cool
- Minimizing disruptions from children and pets
- Using the bed for sleep and sex only
Microsleep is a common and dangerous side effect of sleep deprivation, sleep disorders, and certain medications. Reducing the risk of these episodes lowers the chance of accidents and helps to make driving and working safer.
Sufficient sleep is important for cognitive and physical performance as well as general well-being. The keys to avoiding microsleep episodes are adequate sleep, successful treatment of sleep disorders, and the recognition of sleep as an essential component of health.
FAQs
How long does microsleep last?
The duration of microsleeps can range, lasting from as short as a fraction of second to a few minutes.
What does microsleep feel like?
Microsleeps can be so quick, you might not even know it’s happening. However, common signs may include a nodding head, sudden body jerks, heavy eyelids, or difficulty remembering the last few minutes.
Is microsleep dangerous?
Microsleep can be incredibly dangerous, particularly if you’re driving, operating heavy machinery, or performing other tasks that can be risky without your full attention.
References
- Barbara E. Jones, Basic Mechanisms of Sleep-Wake States, Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, December 2005
- Campbell IG., EEG Recording and Analysis for Sleep Research, Current Protocols in Neuroscience, Oct. 2009
- Brendan P. Lucey, Comparison of a Single-Channel EEG Sleep Study to Polysomnography, Journal of Sleep Research, Dec. 2016
- Sathe H, Karia S, Desousa A, Shah N., Hypnic Jerks Possibly Induced by Escitalopram, Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice, Sept. 2015
- Yaqub Jonmohamadi, Microsleeps are Associated with Stage-2 Sleep Spindles from Hippocampal-Temporal Network, International Journal of Neural Systems, Mar. 2016
- Jan JE, Reiter RJ, Wasdell MB, Bax M., The Role of the Thalamus in Sleep, Pineal Melatonin Production, and Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders, Journal of Pineal Research, Jan. 2009
- Poudel GR, Innes CR, Bones PJ, Watts R, Jones RD., Losing the Struggle to Stay Awake: Divergent Thalamic and Cortical Activity During Microsleeps, Human Brain Mapping, Jan. 2014
- Meni Koslowsky, Meta-Analysis of the Relationship Between Total Sleep Deprivation and Performance, Chronobiology International, Sep. 1991
- James M. Krueger, Local Sleep, Sleep Medicine Reviews, Oct. 2018
- Vyazovskiy VV, Olcese U, Hanlon EC, Nir Y, Cirelli C, Tononi G., Local Sleep in Awake Rats, Nature, Apr. 2011
- Kafui Dzirasa, Dopaminergic Control of Sleep-Wake States, Journal of Neuroscience, Oct. 2006
- Marcelo M.S. Lima, Sleep Disturbances in Parkinson’s Disease: The Contribution of Dopamine in REM Sleep Regulation, Sleep Medicine Reviews, Oct. 2013
- Tirunahari VL, Microsleep and Sleepiness: a comparison of multiple sleep latency test and scoring of microsleep as a diagnostic test for excessive daytime sleepiness, Sleep Medicine, Jan. 2003
- Boyle LN, Tippin J, Paul A, Rizzo M., Driver Performance in the Moments Surrounding a Microsleep, Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, Mar. 2008
- Michael L. Lee, High risk of near-crash driving events following night-shift work, PNAS, Jan. 2016
- Uli S. Herrmann, Sleepiness is Not Always Perceived Before Falling Asleep in Healthy, Sleep-Deprived Subjects, Sleep Medicine, Sept. 2010
- Owens, J. M., Dingus, T. A., Guo, F., Fang, Y., Perez, M., McClafferty, J., Tefft, B. (2018, February). Prevalence of Drowsy Driving
Crashes: Estimates from a Large-Scale Naturalistic Driving Study. (Research Brief.) Washington, D.C.: AAA Foundation for
Traffic Safety - Ebrahim IO, Howard RS, Kopelman MD, Sharief MK, Williams AJ., The Hypocretin/Orexin System, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, May 2002